Another common hedging strategy for growers is to  fix the cash price (either with a forward contract, a pool contract, or a post-harvest spot contract) and then buy a call option.  Call options premiums (the red line above) increase in value with increases in the futures market price (the blue line below).  This is because the owner of a call option has the right, but not the obligation, to have bought the futures market at the call strike price.  Hence owning a call option represents insurance against selling your cash cotton and then missing out on a later price rally.  It is also a substitute/compensation for storing your cotton for later cash sale (or for putting it in the CCC loan for later sale).

Looking an example for the 2023 crop, this graph above shows a 90 cent Jul’24 call option premium (traced by the red line).  The call premiums tracked the movement of the underlying Jul’24 ICE cotton futures price (in blue).  As visible in the chart, as Jul’24 futures rise and fall, the premium value of Jul’24 call options moves in the same direction.

In a hedging sense, call option strategies for growers are bought as insurance against missing out on a post-harvest rally in prices.  Call option strategies therefore make sense when combined with cotton that was been cash contracted.  For example, suppose a grower sells his 2023 bales for a cash price in the lower 80s, but is worried about missing out on higher prices.  A 90-strike Jul’24 call option cost 5.26 cents per pound as of September 21.  That is the up front insurance premium the grower would pay to insure against missing out on a rally in Jul’24 futures.  So far this season the Jul’24 contract hasn’t have a major rally (implying this is insurance that has not paid off).

The same logic applies to mill buyers who buy cotton on-call (i.e., fix the basis now and fix the futures price later).  These mill buyers probably expected the futures price to decline.  The purchase of a call option is insurance against rising prices.  Mill buyers can pencil out a maximum purchase price by adding together the call option strike price (85 cents per pound in the above example) plus their buying basis, e.g., 5 to 8 cents a pound, plus the call option premium cost (hopefully purchased back when it was more affordable).